One of the most important fields in International Relations discipline is the study of International Organizations. Indeed, the rise of international and regional organizations in last decades causes a pervasive controversy among western scholars. But among Iranian scholars, we don't have any THEORETICAL works on international organizations. This article attempt to investigate international organizations from four THEORETICAL APPROACHES: Realism, Liberalism, Marxism and Cosmopolitanism. 

Human resource is considered as strategic partner and one of most valuable capital for organizations in 21 century. Obviously, capital is not developed on its own and just possessing it is not enough. Many people we have seen have the capital, yet waste them because of negligence and forgetting. Similarly, human capital must be earned, kept and take advantage of it properly for developing e benefit. This requires thinking and acting. The thinking values this capital and the action that shows the method of recruiting, training and keeping. What features and applications this strategy should have is the issue that causes diverse theories and views to be developed. Description of these THEORETICAL APPROACHES in the strategic and non-strategic frame is the subject that this manuscript is reviewing.

The purpose of this study was to review relevant literature on skilled manpower training based on curriculum of industrial training systems as well as economic theories on human resources. Meanwhile, social and economic developments require incorporation of other conceptual frameworks such as social capital theory and cultural capital theory as foundations of vocational curriculum and industrial training. Therefore, industrial training in various economic and social periods including those of Fordism and Post-Fordism was discussed on the basis of focal competences. The paper concludes that competences and skills incorporated in curriculum of industrial training systems should be taken into account through underpinning assumptions of human, social and cultural capital theories as well as social, economic and industrial developments in Post-Fordism era.

Covert diplomacy is a kind of real conflict, So that today the diplomatic activities of all countries, especially the western countries, are based on covert diplomacy to create relations between countries and governments, as well as at the international level. In fact, covert diplomacy is a manifestation of diplomacy that has established a link with the level of national strategy, it is also a manifestation of strategy that is related to software warfare. Therefore, covert diplomacy is a type of intertwining soft war whose executors must be selected from among intelligent and sophisticated people. In this way, those whose mission is carried out based on covert diplomacy, must have special characteristics and have a proper understanding and THEORETICAL knowledge regarding the issues of foreign policy and covert diplomacy. This research, with the question of what the THEORETICAL APPROACHES to covert diplomacy in intelligence organizations should be, by using the descriptive and analytical method derived from the views of some academic experts and the limited THEORETICAL foundations that have been explained in this regard, believes that Intelligence organizations should be based on strategic management levels, Realize the goals of covert intelligence diplomacy with combined and multiple intertwined methods such as discourse creation at the strategic level, concealment at the operational level, surprise at the tactical level, and pragmatism at the technical level. Nevertheless, it should be noted that covert diplomacy is located in the fluid space of THEORETICAL and practical fields, which always suffers from uncertainty and slips in the direction of other forms of diplomacy (both public and official diplomacy) and its alienating borders in order to achieve its hidden goals. It is decided that it should move in the correct and guided path with correct and purposeful planning and realize its hidden art in realizing national goals through intelligence channels with pre-planned scenarios, otherwise it will face challenges and calculation errors and fragility. .

The evolution of technology and then the change in the analytical skills of individuals have brought the world to a new era. On the one hand, the emergence of issues such as new actors and new wars that cannot be explained within the framework of the state-driven paradigm theory and, on the other hand, Repeating these transformations as a model that surpasses them from a mere maladjustment has doubled the tendency for theorizing to understand these issues. ISIL is an example of these developments. The purpose of this article is to investigate new ISIL-centered wars in light of the views expressed about these wars. That the formation of the actor is limited to religious extremism will not provide much knowledge of the state of the new era. This paper, by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of how the new era has helped shape ISIS-led new wars. With the change in the nature of power, the new era has led to the formation of a kind of war that is different from intergovernmental wars. Hence, this article, while analyzing the status of the ISIL group, concludes that ISIS is the result of these new conditions, and these wars seem to be the future crisis of the Middle East.

The interaction between a halogen atom and an electron-rich species is known as halogen bonding. Due to its importance in numerous scientific domains, including materials science, drug design, and others, it has attracted considerable interest. Halogen bonding interactions are investigated using experimental characterization methods such X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and vibrational spectroscopy. Halogen bonding interactions are also studied THEORETICALly using techniques like quantum mechanical topology (QMT), molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory (DFT). Understanding the nature of halogen bonding and its applications in diverse sectors holds great potential for the combination of experimental and THEORETICAL methodologies. This article provides a succinct assessment of different methods for characterizing halogen bonding, emphasizing their significance in deepening our understanding of halogen bonding and its uses in a variety of fields.

The algebraic structure of skew left brace has become a useful tool to construct set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. In this survey we present some descriptions of skew left braces in terms of bijective derivations, triply factorised groups, and regular subgroups of the holomorph of a group, as well as some applications of these descriptions to the study of substructures, nilpotency, and factorised skew left braces.

This article examines shopping THEORETICAL APPROACHES in social sciences. The first approach is formal sociological tradition. In this approach emphasis is on typology of shoppers. In the Second approach, shopping is studied in the light of consumption. Benjamin studies shopping centers as spaces for dominant of bourgeoisie. The other approach is cultural studies. In this tradition emphasis is on shopping itself. Shopping in cultural studies indicates a shift from production to consumption. Shopping is identified as a realm of social action, interaction and experience that increasingly structures the everyday practices of urban people.